# Semaglutide References: The Cited Trial and Safety Record

> Semaglutide references: every study cited across this site, with DOIs and PubMed links — STEP, SUSTAIN-6, SELECT, FLOW, SURMOUNT-5, the alcohol trial, and the safety literature.

Every number on this site traces to one of these. DOIs and PubMed IDs included.

## How to read this index

Every Semaglutide references entry below is a real, published source, listed with its DOI or PubMed identifier so it can be checked. The bracketed numbers in the body text — [1], [2], and so on — map to this list. The record spans the pivotal efficacy trials (STEP, SUSTAIN-6, SELECT, FLOW, SURMOUNT-5), the mechanism work, the emerging alcohol research, and the safety and pharmacovigilance literature. No source is paraphrased into a claim it does not make.

## References

[1] Wilding JPH, et al. (STEP 1 Study Group). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/
[2] Marso SP, et al. (SUSTAIN-6 Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633186/
[3] Lincoff AM, et al. (SELECT Trial Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37952131/
[4] Gabery S, et al. Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways. JCI Insight. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32213703/
[5] Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34305810/
[6] Perkovic V, et al. (FLOW Trial Committees and Investigators). Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38785209/
[7] Aronne LJ, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353578/
[8] Hendershot CS, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39937469/
[9] Chuong V, et al. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutide reduces alcohol drinking and modulates central GABA neurotransmission. JCI Insight. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37192005/
[10] Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Alcohol Use Disorder. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39891507/
[11] Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Semaglutide. StatPearls [Internet]. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603723/
[12] Mahapatra MK, et al. Therapeutic Potential of Semaglutide, a Newer GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Abating Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharm Res. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35650449/
[13] McCrimmon RJ, et al. Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. J Endocr Soc. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.030
[14] Alopecia associated with the use of semaglutide and tirzepatide: A disproportionality analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38925559/
[15] Telogen Effluvium Associated With Weight Loss: A Single Center Retrospective Study. Ann Dermatol. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39623615/
[16] Wharton S, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34514682/
[17] Assessment of Thyroid Carcinogenic Risk and Safety Profile of GLP1-RA: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084346
[18] A real-world disproportionality analysis of semaglutide: Post-marketing pharmacovigilance data. J Diabetes Investig. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38943656/
[19] Wilding JPH, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35441470/
[20] Rubino D, et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity (STEP 4). JAMA. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33755728/
[21] Aroda VR, et al. Current Understanding of Sodium N-(8-[2-Hydroxylbenzoyl] Amino) Caprylate (SNAC) as an Absorption Enhancer: The Oral Semaglutide Experience. Clin Diabetes. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38230324/
[22] Au Yeung SL, et al. Drug-Drug Interactions Between Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Oral Medications: A Systematic Review. Drug Saf. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38273155/
[23] Semaglutide as a GLP-1 Agonist: A Breakthrough in Obesity Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40143174/

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A terminal-clean log of the semaglutide trial record — the STEP, SELECT, SUSTAIN-6 and FLOW figures committed to source, the emerging alcohol-craving lines flagged as early, and the unconfirmed signals left in plain view; no clinic behind the console, no script written, and nothing here dosed, compounded, or sold.